Monday, August 19, 2019

Millipede or Centipede?



First, let's look at the difference between a Millipede and a Centipede.

Both of these are under the same subphyllum Myriapoda, thus sharing a lot of similarities like a long segmented bodies with lots of legs. There are some general characteristics you can find to tell them apart.

Millipede Centipede
Have 2 pairs of legs per segment  Have 1 pair of legs per segment 
Slow moving Fast moving
Detritivores
(Feeds on decomposing matters)
Carnivores
(Hunts other animals)
More defensive, rolls up or foul tasting  More aggressive, attacks with a venomous bite 
Body usually more cylindrical Body usually more flatten
Shorter segments and legs Longer segments and legs

However, several of these are common characteristics but not 100% accurate to distinguish them. Some millipedes may look flattish and have longer legs which makes them look more like a centipede.

The myriapod in the photo above is another interesting example. It is in fact a centipede despite its slow movement and defensive rolling up behaviour similar to a millipede. I call it the Millipede Centipede for its mimicry towards millipedes.



Scientifically known as Edentistoma sp.  These genus of centipedes are really rare and not much are known about them due to the very few observation of them in the wild. To most forest trekkers, this would be easily ignored as it looks like a normal uninteresting millipede. It is not surprising that they hunt millipedes as well.

I was lucky to find one night on the forest floor in a mixed dipterocarp rainforest in Sabah, Borneo. So far this could be the first recorded on in the state of Sabah (Northern Borneo). The evolution of mimicry is truly wonderful. Hope to find these centipedes soon again.



Saturday, April 21, 2018

Suicide Bombers of Borneo

Recently, a new species of ant is being viralled in the news, especially in science news. The new species of ant (Colobopsis explodens) from Borneo, is said to be able to 'explode'!

When encountering a threat, the minor workers will raise their abdomen and bite on the attacking predator. When the larger predator (usually other larger ants) is being held down, these exploding workers will rupture and releases toxic secretions to kill or drive away predators. Other terms for this kind of action are Autothysis and suicidal altruism. These workers die in the process, sacrificing themselves for the greater good - to save their colony. This is similar to bees that dies after stinging.

The major workers of the colony are larger but they have a different role instead. These majors are tasked to guard the nest entrance, where they have modified heads to block the entrance from predators. Instead of giving them workers and soldiers with powerful mandibles or stings, evolution has decided to give them "suicide bombers" and "blockheads" instead. 

When I read about this news a few days ago, I immediately recognize the red ant portrayed in the photos. I am used to seeing them on wooden railings and on tree trunks in my hometown - Tawau, Sabah (Malaysia). I easily notice them due to their attractive bright red color. I have only seen them in primary forests as they are arboreal and associate with big dipterocarp trees only. Little did I know about their defense mechanism before this.


Photographed in Tawau at 2016


There are at least 15 species of exploding ants found in Borneo (from a study in 2017), all were placed under the Colobopsis cylindrica species complex group, and now more specifically in the C. saundersi species complex group. Colobopsis (formerly Camponotussaundersi is the most popular species of exploding ants, which was discovered back in 1889. Colobopsis explodens are quite abundant and easy to work with, that is why they are being studied in Brunei many years before finally being described as a new species.


Photographed in Tawau at 2016



References:

National Geographic - 'Exploding Ant' Rips Itself Apart To Protect Its Own
https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/04/animals-ants-borneo-exploding-defense/

Gizmodo - New Species of ‘Exploding Ant’ Discovered in Borneo
https://gizmodo.com/new-species-of-exploding-ant-discovered-in-borneo-1825397505

ZooKeys - Colobopsis explodens sp. n., model species for studies on “exploding ants” (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), with biological notes and first illustrations of males of the Colobopsis cylindrica group
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=22661





Monday, February 12, 2018

The World's Largest Moth ?

The Atlas Moth (Attacus atlas) is considered the largest insect in the world, by surface area. Several of the world's largest moths are also from the same family - Saturniidae, such as Actias maenas, and Archaeoattacus staudingeri, which are also found in Borneo.


However, we will need real worldwide study to determine whether the Atlas Moth is really the largest species in the world? Archaeoattacus staudingeri and Coscinocera hercules are also quite comparable in wing surface area.

Do visit Mother Nature Network to read some of the largest insects in the world.

This moth is found by Wayne Tsu during the recent Wildlife Expedition in Tawau Hills Park. The expedition which is organized by 1StopBorneo Wildlife Association and funded by Adventure Alternative Borneo has yield many exciting findings from this area.


Sunday, February 11, 2018

Caption This !

I am thinking of starting a new blog post series called Caption This!

This is where I will share my photos which shows interesting behaviour that amuses us and makes us wonder what is the meaning behind the photo.

Let us start with this pair of Pacific swallow (Hirundo tahitica). 

What is going on with this couple? You can clearly see which one is the husband right? Why is one of them scolding the other?

Leave your creative captions in the comments below!


One more thing to share before I forget. National Geographic Yourshot currently has a photo assignment called CAPTION THIS too. If you have interesting photos like this that is suitable for the assignment, do upload it on the assignment page. There is one more week before the deadline.


Saturday, February 10, 2018

David and Goliath of the Spider World

It is quite shocking to see this Jumping Spider (Menemerus sp.) holding on to a (Heteropoda sp.) Huntsman Spider's leg.



Could the Jumping Spider really take down the large Huntsman? Penney and Gabriel (2009) has recorded a Holcolaetis jumping spider feeding on a Huntsman spider. This is indeed a great feat. However, the jumping spider found by Penney and Gabriel is feeding on a whole huntsman spider by itself. This Menemerus that I photographed is only feeding on a leg.

I posted this earlier in the Arachnology page to see what others think about this. Scavenging behaviour is suggested. There is indeed a dead Heteropoda spider body around 30cm away which seems to be where this leg originated from. Scavenging in other spiders has been studied before but it is rare in Jumping Spiders as Jumping Spiders have a very developed eyesight (compared to other spiders) to identify their prey visually. Few studies has been done to show that some Salticids do scavenge, usually in spiderling or when live prey are scarce. Phidippus audax can even survive until adulthood as a scavenger. However, this behaviour is not studied in the tropical countries as preys are abundant. There needs to be more explanation than just scavenging for this Menemerus case as I wonder how did this happen. Did the Menemerus just found a dead huntsman and decided to pluck its leg out? or was the leg already seperated? Another thing that was unusual is the distance (around 30cm) this Menemerus carried the leg from the original body. Unfortunately the lab tests on scavenging behaviour did not measure how far a Salticid can carry its scavenged meal away.

The genus of this jumper may be able to give an important clue. Several species of Menemerus has been recorded snatching foods from ants (Jackson et al., 2008; Cushing, 2012). These spiders will approach ants that are carrying prey or brood and will sneakily snatch the load off the ants' mandibles with great accuracy and speed. I have seen this before and it is indeed one of the funniest behaviour I have ever observed in spiders. After snatching the food from the ant, it will quickly run away to a safe distance to enjoy its meal. This will leave the ants running around confused and agitated finding their load suddenly disappeared. This kleptoparasitism behaviour may explain how the spider got hold of a leg that has been carried away by ants from the Huntsman's body. One problem is that I did not notice any ants trying to dismember the Heteropoda's body.

There is one final hypotheses I would like to share. I have regularly observed Spider Wasps in this area dragging Heteropoda Spiders after injecting them with a paralyzing venom. While being paralyzed, the weakened struggling movement of the Huntsman's legs may cause this Jumper to misidentified it a caterpillar or a worm. After grabbing hold of the Huntsman's leg, autospasy causes the leg to break off.

These are the best answers I can think of. The best evidence to understanding this case is still the huntsman body itself. Unfortunately, I did not examine the Huntsman Spider body closely so I am unable to tell the cause of death. So this case will continue to be a mystery.

Everyone is welcome to add their opinions and explanation to this.


Glossary:
Menemerus = Jumper = Salticid = Jumping Spider
Heteropoda = Huntsman = Huntsman Spider
Kleptoparasitism = A parasitic behaviour where foods are taken from another animal
Autospasy = The breaking off / separation of an animal's limb from the weak areas due to being pulled

References:
Cushing, P. E. 2012. Review Article Spider-Ant Associations: An Updated Review of Myrmecomorphy, Myrmecophily, and Myrmecophagy in Spiders. Psyche: 1-23.

Horner, N. V. and Starks, K. J. 1972. Bionomics of the Jumping Spider Metaphidippus galathea. Annals Of The Entomological Society Of America 65(3): 602-607.

Jackson, R. R., Salm, K., and Pollard, S. D. 2008. Short Communication: Snatching prey from the mandibles of ants, a feeding tactic adopted by East African jumping spiders. The Journal of Arachnology 36: 609-611.

Penney, D. and Gabriel, R. 2009. Short Communication: Feeding behavior of trunk-living jumping spiders (Salticidae) in a coastal primary forest in The Gambia. The Journal of Arachnology 37: 113–115.

Vickers, M. E., Robertson, M. W., Watson, C. R., and Wilcoxen, T. E. 2014. Scavenging throughout the life cycle of the jumping spider, Phidippus audax (Hentz) (Araneae: Salticidae). The Journal of Arachnology 42: 277–283.

Wolff, R. J. 1986. Scavenging By Jumping Spiders (Araneae: Salticidae). The Great Lakes Entomologist 19(2): 121-122.

Saturday, June 6, 2015

Butterflies & Moths of Malaysia


Our "Butterflies & Moths of Malaysia" poster is finally published! Special thanks to Sofwan Badruddin for contributing your butterfly pictures and IDs and Nuwan Chathuranga for the moth identifications. I would also like to express my sincerest appreciation to Dzulhelmi Nasir for being my mentor and making this poster possible.

Thank you everyone who have helped out (directly or indirectly) making this poster a success. Below are some honorable mentions:

Science Bridge Academy
Haleluyah Retreat Centre, Kundasang
Project Noah community
Mr. Jimmy Omar and Yayasan Sabah
My dearest family
My travel companions


Tuesday, January 14, 2014

Tawau Hills Park 斗湖山國家公園

As a nature lover and an amateur macro wildlife photographer,
I regularly visit Tawau Hills Park which is the best place to look for wildlife in Tawau.
It is convenient to reach and affordable to visit too.
There are several webpages about Tawau Hills Park in the Internet
but none of them is similar to this blog post.
This is a very long detailed blog post that I have written containing information
about Tawau Hills National Park based on my experiences in the park
for all to read especially those who are planning to visit here.
So ENJOY !

Experience Nature in Tawau Hills Park today !

Tawau Hills National Park (Taman Bukit Tawau) is a forest reserve protected and opened
to the public as a recreation park and for eco tourism purposes.
Established in 1979, it has since become the most popular tourist spot in Tawau
where nature-loving tourists come to enjoy the natural environment and the
rich biodiversity while locals come mainly for picnics and recreation.
This lowland dipterocarp rainforest consist an area of 279.72 km² protected forest lands.


There are a lot of activities you can do in the park.
 Recreational Activities 
Camping
Forest trekking
Hiking
Swimming (highly discouraged by the park officers due drowning cases in the past)

 Nature Activities 
Wildlife photography
Bird watching
Nature study

 Activities Locals Usually Do 
Singing and playing guitars
Picnics
Play waters and somersaults
Children games
BBQ (highly discouraged because it causes air pollution)

-----  GETTING THERES ---------------------------------------------

First of all, the most important thing is getting there.
How to get there is not much of a problem if you are a local
but if you a not from around here, finding the way there might be difficult
as there is no proper map available showing directions to the park.
Furthermore,the road to the park is not shown under the GPS system nor Google Maps.

The park is located 24 kilometers from Tawau town.

With Google Satellite Map as a background, I have created a road label from the Airport through the town and towards Tawau Hills Park.


The park has opened new exploration areas and created many new facilities as the number of foreign tourists are increasing steadily over the years as the tourism industry here is blooming.

-----  HIGHLIGHTED AREASS ------------------------------------------

These are the main tourist spots on the Tawau Hills Park map.
         

1) Botanical Garden
2) World Tallest Tropical Tree
3) Canopy Walkway
4) Sulphur Spring
5) Galas Waterfall
6) Mt. Maria
7) Mt. Lucia
8) Mt. Magdalena
Updated map of 2014




Tawau Hills Botanical Gardens a.k.a. Lowland Gardens,
is a 5 acres land in the park housing a collection of
forest plants found in the park which includes orchids, arums and pitcher plants.

The garden was opened to public in 2006 mainly for students and those who are
interested in the botanical information of the park's fauna.
The garden is divided into zones, each displaying different types of plants.
The zones display these plant categories 
- Orchidaceae, Ferns, Araceae, Nepenthes, Hoya, Zingiberaceae,
Arecaceae, Begonia, Ethnobotani, Marantaceae 















There are trails and information boards in the garden for visitors to explore the garden themselves. 
However, visitors can also request to have a guide to tour them around the garden.
There are also several huts built around the garden for visitors to rest as there is
no limit to how long they can spend in the garden.

If you are looking for a place to see beautiful and exotic flowers,
this is not the perfect place for you.
Rather, this place is suitable for those who are interested in all kinds of tropical plants.
During flowering seasons, you might get a chance to see the rare Elephant Ear Orchid.

Here are some photographs taken in the garden :

Orchids


Orchids
Myrmeconauclea strigosa
Tiny pink flowers
Are there any flowers on this one?
Look closely


 TALLEST TROPICAL TREE 


Standing at 88.32 meters tall, the world's tallest documented tropical tree and
also the tallest tree in Malaysia is found in Tawau Hills Park.
Though not as tall as the tallest redwood giants, this Shorea faguetiana still managed
to get itself a world record and Tawau Hills Park is proud to be it's home.


The area is much more difficult to access than the botanical park.
The tree is located 900 m away from the park headquarters.
Visitors who plan on visiting the site will have to travel on muddy trails
infested with thorny vines and leeches.

Once you have successfully reached the area,
you will be rewarded with the site of this majestic tree
which will make the largest adults appear tiny in comparison.
You will know that you have reached the right tree when you see this sign.


Furthermore, there is also a row of wooden fences surrounding the tree.
A wooden seating area is also recently constructed for visitors to rest.

It blends in perfectly with the foliage.


 CANOPY WALKWAY 


The canopy bridge is just a series of narrow suspension bridges
in the forest canopy layer suspending up to 40 meters above the forest floor.
This site is one of the newest landmarks opened to the public
so a lot of people are still unaware that this place exist.




The gate to the canopy bridge is always locked for security reasons
and will only be unlocked every morning by the ranger on duty there.
Many visitors spent half an hour to reach the destination but became
disappointed upon arriving when they realized the gate is still locked.
To prevent unnecessary misery, please inquire from the ticket counter or from the rangers
about the condition of the gate whether it has been unlocked or still remain locked.
Or you can just wait at the wooden seats below the first tower for the gate to be unlocked.

There are a lot of wildlife you can find endemic only to the forest canopy.
Here are some shots taken during a canopy exploration on this canopy walkway.



What lives on tree barks?
A swarm of termites.
A tree-trunk spider.
You can even encounter small bats resting under the ceilings on the way up the stairs.

 SULFUR HOTSPRING 
The Sulphur Spring is one of the most amazing places in Tawau Hills Park.
It is also my personal favorite as the site has a wonderful and magical atmosphere.


This sulphurous spring is only a 3.2 km journey away from the park headquarter.
You might need a guide or a map because one can easily miss the trails to the spring.

One of the magical things you can experience here are the colorful ponds.
The ponds can appear in different colors though found in the same area.
The colors are due to the natural chemicals found in the waters.

 Some ponds are pearl white

Some are sky blue in color

Some ponds even appear rusty red

They may seem colorful but please do keep in mind that these are sulfur springs so
be careful of their high temperature and poisonous chemicals.
There is also a strong odour emitted from the sulfur waters so bringing a face mask
is advisable for those who cannot stand the smell of rotten eggs.

The heated waters ooze out from several geothermal vents around the river here.
As much as 11 hot springs are identified in this area.
Boiling eggs in hotsprings are discouraged as the temperature is far below boiling point.
Furthermore, the frequent heavy rains regularly dilute the spring waters.

The wildlife there has evolved in unique ways to adapt in this unusual habitat.


Bloodworms feeding on sulphur "mud"
Insect larvae thriving underwater



Brilliantly-colored damselflies sparkle under the sunlight 


Special type of flies feed on sulfur foams
while many larger species of butterflies visit the hotsprings for the mineral-rich spring waters.
The majestic Rajah Brooke's Birdwing Butterfly is one of them, making the place 
perfect for butterfly enthusiast.


The forest around the spring area has an ancient appearance that of
during the prehistoric carboniferous era where ferns thrive.
A wooden hut was recently built for visitors to rest while enjoying the scenery.

 GALAS WATERFALL 

Also known locally as Air Terjun Bukit Gelas, the area is a
waterfall located 2.4 kilometers away from the headquarter.

                  Perfect place for family outing
and a peaceful family picnic

To get there, you will have to get wet crossing streams
and also get dirty climbing muddy slopes.
The waterfall area is small with a single hut enough to shelter a small group.
Since the place is deserted most of the time, you can enjoy peace and tranquility.
The river there contains shy animals that spend most of their time away from humans
such as this

River Terrapin
















Giant Water Skater

















Green Damselfly Nymph
















    For more information on 
    Please visit
    www.etawau.com


      

 MOUNTAINS 

For real adventures who are not contented with these places
and are seeking much more challenges and nature,
you can apply for permits to hike the 3 large mountains of Tawau Hills Park
- Mount Maria (1020 meters high)
- Mount Lucia (1240 meters)
- Mount Magdalena (1280 m)

These mountains are formed from extinct volcanoes.
They are off limits to the public so they are seldom ventured.
Those who are interested in exploring these areas can contact the wildlife trip operators - 1StopBorneo Wildlife at 1stopborneo@gmail.com / +6012-8248052

----  OTHER PLACES & FACILITIESS ---------------------------------


Headquarter Offices
It is just an office where the park management team works in.
You can visit the office if you have something urgent to tell the manager.

Restaurant
It is more like a small cafeteria / canteen providing cheap and simple food.
Those who are planing to stay overnight in the park can make arrangement with
the restaurant staff to provide proper meal for dinner and breakfast.
The usual working time of the restaurant is 8 am - 6 pm.

Washroom / Toilet
You can access the washroom building which is located just 50 meters away from the
ticket counter. The washroom is divided into ladies and gents sides.
There are toilet and shower rooms inside.

Prayer Rooms
There are prayer rooms (surau) for Muslims to pray throughout the day.

Bridges
There are several rivers in the park so many bridges are built around the park.
Short concrete or wooden bridges are built over small streams.
As for wider rivers, long suspension bridges are built to cross them.


Huts
Many wooden and concrete huts are built around the park,
especially in places of interests for visitors and park rangers to rest.
The huts are usually equipped with wooden chairs, tables and a rubbish bin nearby.



Accommodation
There are several place you can spend the night in the park.
Most of the accommodation sites are located in the park headquarter area.

Magdalena Chalet

Bombalai Jungle Lodge


Both the Magdalena Chalet and Bombalai Jungle Lodge are next to each other and can be stayed in by contacting +60145502734 / +60 12-824 8052 / 1stopborneo@gmail.com


Bird Breeding Centre
This place is shown in the park map.
The place is real but unfortunately it is not opened to the public yet.

Exhibition Gallery
The exhibition gallery (information gallery) is not well known but that
does not mean that it is uninteresting. On the contrary, it is a wonderful place.
It is the best gallery and museum you can find in the entire town.


Inside the gallery are exhibits of stuffed animals in their artificial "habitat"
with many information boards displayed containing information about the
stuffed animals. Other matters about the park such as it's history, management
and interesting facts are also recorded in the gallery.


Bombalai Hill
Mount Bombalai, at 531 meters high, is Malaysia's highest volcanic point.
Though not located within the park fences,
this low volcanic cone is still part of the park.


The forest trail is not long so one could complete the trail as quick as 30 minutes.
Since the hill is not advertised by the park, it is seldom hiked.
To get to the hill, do not enter the park gate.
You should follow the road to the right outside the park entrance instead.
The road will lead to the forest trail up to the peak of Bombalai Hill.
Please inform the park ticket counter staff before hiking the hill
to prevent unnecessary troubles such as being suspected as poachers.

----------  WILDLIFES ---------------------------------------------

This is my favorite part.
Visit this link to see what type of life forms are found in the park.
https://www.page_not_ready_yet_sorry.com

-----  WHAT SHOULD I BRING ?S ---------------------------------------

What to bring to the park depends on your motive or purposes in the park.

Every time I visit the park, I have only one intention,
that is to document the wildlife species in the park,
especially focusing on the diverse group of invertebrates.

So here is my inventory checklist on what I bring whenever I visit the park.

Backpack - keep it light so you can carry it around the park
Water bottle - trust me, I do get really thirsty after all those trekking
Camera - always ready to photograph amazing wildlife experiences
Extra batteries and memory cards - for the camera
Mobile phone - sometimes I need to call for emergency help in the forest.
Tissue papers or Handkerchief - it is a jungle out there so prepare to get down and dirty
Monocular - handy for bird watching and other arboreal creatures
3 n 1 flashlight - this is my favourite tool, my flash light can produce 3 types of lights
                          - white light to see in the dark, UV light to look for scorpions at night,
                            and a red laser to point at distant objects.
Long ruler - helpful in measuring small animals and plants.
Notebook - to record important data.
Pens, pencils - you know what those are for, right ?
Raincoat - to keep my bag of equipment dry rather than myself during rains.
Extra clothes - I can always change if I get really wet.
Foods - such as biscuits or chocolates whenever I get hungry.
Wallet - enough said


If you visit the park just for recreation, you might want to bring these.

Tents - for camping
Swimsuits - for swimming
Extra clothes for changing if you get wet or spend the night there
Foods and drinks - for picnics or for dinner because the restaurant closes at night
Cooking sets - gas, stove, cooker, pan, wok, spatula for cooking


Special things to bring for those who are afraid of the forest creatures.

Salt - helpful in removing leeches. Use it for self defense, not for intentionally harming them.
Mosquito repellent - to ward off mosquitoes and other blood-sucking flies.
                                    Remember, use an insect repellent, not a pesticide spray.


----------  RISKS  -------------------------------------------------

There are dangers everywhere you go.
Tawau Hills Park is no exception.

Know the dangers you are facing and know how to overcome it
to prevent injuries and even death.

DROWNING
This is a real danger which has claimed few lives.
During heavy rains, the river waters will be raging wildly
and will be causing a great threat to swimmers.
That is why some dangerous river parts are sealed off while
the park management team has declared "swim at your own risk".
Records of the exact number of drowning cases are hidden from public.

FALLING BRANCHES
Please be always alert as old branches might break and fall to the ground at any time.
Branches weighting as much as 20 kg falling from a height of 30 m can cause serious damage.
Several signboards are erected around the park reminding you of falling branches.

THORNY VINES
Plants such as rattan contains large spikes that can easily pierce through
layers of clothes and skins causing deep puncture wounds.
They are not lethal but may cause great pain.

VENOM & POISON
There are venomous animals and poisonous plants in the park but
so far no fatality has happened yet.
Just watch your steps and don't try to handle venomous creatures.
Beware of the macaques too. They can get close when there is food around.
They may not be venomous but their bites can cause
infectious diseases so do not try to make them feel harassed.

On the other hand, no risk is to large to be an obstacle if you are a real adventurer!
Do not worry too much and just enjoy the natural wonders.
I have been to the park many times but I am still alive with only leech bite marks on me.





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Pictures from
Chun Xing Wong (blog owner)
Wong Fook Yee